On October 1, 2017, a mass shooting took place in Las Vegas in which the active shooter—perched on the thirty-second floor of a high-rise building—killed fifty-eight people at an outdoor concert below. Law enforcement last modified its active-shooter response practices after the mass shooting at Columbine High School in 1999. Since then, agencies across the United States have based their active-shooter responses on the assumption that the shooter is on the move and in the same two-dimensional environment as the responding officers; the response practices, training, and resource requirements do not address a three-dimensional threat in a semi-fixed position. This thesis analyzed case studies from the University of Texas tower shooting, the Mumbai terrorist attack, and the Las Vegas mass shooting to illuminate patterns, nuances, practices, techniques, tactics, and procedures related to high-rise active shooters. The conclusions identified training procedures, equipment considerations, and response practices that may help first responders mitigate damage from similar attacks in the future.

Subjects: high-rise; active shooter; University of Texas tower; Mumbai; Las Vegas mass shooting; Route 91; Stephen Paddock; Charles Whitman; responding to high-rise shooter; vertical terrorism; sniper; tactical advantage; agile team; tactical vehicle; MACTAC; mass gathering; soft target; open-air festival; mass casualty; high-rise response