Remote-sensing analysis is conducted for the Naval Postgraduate School campus, containing buildings, impervious surfaces (asphalt and concrete), natural ground, and vegetation. Data is from the Optech Titan, providing three-wavelength laser data (532, 1064, and 1550 nm) at 10–15 points/m2. Analysis techniques for laser-scanner (LiDAR) data traditionally use only x, y, z coordinate information. The traditional approach is used to initialize the classification process into broad-spatial classes (unclassified, ground, vegetation, and buildings). Spectral analysis contributes a unique approach to the classification process. Tools and techniques designed for multispectral imagery are adapted to the LiDAR analysis herein. ENVI's N-Dimensional Visualizer is employed to develop training sets for supervised classification techniques, primarily Maximum Likelihood. Unsupervised classification for the combined spatial/spectral data is accomplished using a K-means classifier for comparison. The campus is classified into 10 and 16 classes, compared to the four from traditional methods. Addition of the spectral component improves the discrimination among impervious surfaces, other ground elements, and building materials. Maximum Likelihood demonstrates 75% overall classification accuracy, with grass (99.9%), turf (95%), asphalt shingles (94%), light-building concrete (89%), sand (88%), shrubs (85%), asphalt (84%), trees (80%), and clay-tile shingles (77%). Post-process filtering by number of returns increases overall accuracy to 82%.

Subjects: remote sensing; space systems operations; LiDAR; satellite laser altimetry; Optech Titan; multi-wavelength LiDAR; spectral LiDAR; terrain and building classification